Association between inflammation and mitochondria dysfunction

Inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction form a bidirectional, self-amplifying vicious cycle that drives cellular damage, aging, and chronic disease. [1, 2]

How Mitochondrial Dysfunction Triggers Inflammation
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS): Damaged mitochondria leak excessive mtROS, oxidizing lipids, proteins, and nuclear or mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). [1, 2, 3]

DAMP Release: Oxidized mtDNA and other mitochondrial components act as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). [1, 2]

Inflammasome Activation: DAMPs and mtROS activate innate immune pathways like the NLRP3 inflammasome and cGAS–STING, producing pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α. [1]

How Inflammation Impairs Mitochondria
  • Energy Disruption: Pro-inflammatory cytokines suppress oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and decrease ATP production. [1]
  • Nitrosative Stress: Inflammation elevates inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), raising reactive nitrogen species that further harm the respiratory chain. [1]
  • Failed Quality Control: Chronic stress hinders mitophagy (the clearance of defective mitochondria), leading to an accumulation of injured, ROS-producing organelles. [1, 2]
Associated Conditions
  • Neurodegeneration: Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease.
  • Metabolic Disorders: Type 2 diabetes, obesity, and insulin resistance.

  • Cardiovascular Disease: Atherosclerosis and heart failure

Dålig mitokondriell hälsa och systemisk inflammation? Test av en klassisk hypotes i Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7394984/

 

Mitokondriell dysfunktion och inflammatoriska reaktioner
https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/8923