(Sorry, the below is right now too complex – over time I try get it more understanable, I hope – suggest right now
-> https://www.boaim2.se/qm/quantum-medicine-2024/quantum-medicine-and-all-kind-of-life-dependents-on-tunneling/
and then How Einstein changed time forever | Jim Al-Khalili + about Quantum Tunneling at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A9tKncAdlHQ (or if ypu what to choise https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL_B7bI1QVmJAmW_fg6IBddPswwTevG29b + https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wbd1-lFkKQ4)
In quantum physics we discuss Materia-Wave as different ”condition” of e.g. an particular electron. But what is a wave actually – movement where time is the “Materia”? But wave can have different characteristics which may vary over situations, time and space as well as speeds. As we have difficulties to understand the quantum physics with our traditional physics (times-space) approach we need hypothetically an other more developed approach to begin to understand 1uantum mechanics-physics-chemistry-biology, medicine ….
Different kinds of dispersions are also to be considered (not only in rainbows)
Below some quotations to begin with
”Time as a Dimension in Physics: One-Dimensional and Multi-Dimensional Perspectives https://consensus.app/questions/time-as-a-dimension-in-physics/
The Traditional View: Time as a One-Dimensional Continuum
In standard physics, time is typically treated as a single, one-dimensional entity, forming the fourth dimension in the familiar 4D spacetime model alongside three spatial dimensions. This approach is rooted in the mathematical structure of Minkowski spacetime, which underpins both special and general relativity. In this framework, time is a parameter that orders events and allows for the prediction of physical phenomena, with its one-dimensionality linked to the sequential ordering of events in the universe 246. The one-dimensional nature of time is also supported by the way we experience it: as a continuous, forward-moving axis, often referred to as the ”arrow of time” 4.
Exploring Higher-Dimensional Time: Two and Three Dimensions
Despite the dominance of the one-dimensional view, several recent and historical proposals have explored the possibility that time may have more than one dimension. Some researchers have suggested that introducing additional time dimensions could help address unresolved issues in fundamental physics, such as unifying quantum theory and general relativity. For example, frameworks with two or even three temporal dimensions have been proposed, where each time dimension corresponds to different physical or experiential aspects—such as quantum phenomena, classical interactions, and cosmological evolution 1358.
A three-dimensional time framework, for instance, posits that the three temporal dimensions arise from symmetry requirements and are linked to the three generations of fundamental particles, potentially explaining their mass hierarchy and other properties. This approach also claims to resolve certain problems in particle physics and quantum gravity, while still preserving causality and unitarity 1. Similarly, two-dimensional time models have been explored as a way to reconcile quantum mechanics with general relativity, suggesting that time could be decomposed into orthogonal components, each with distinct physical roles 58.
Philosophical and Experiential Considerations
The debate over the dimensionality of time is not limited to mathematical physics; it also touches on philosophical and experiential questions. Some argue that the way we experience time—distinguishing between past, present, and future, and perceiving a flow of time—suggests a richer structure than what is captured by current physical theories. Proposals have been made to model time with multiple dimensions to better align scientific understanding with human experience, such as frameworks that distinguish between objective (clock) time, subjective (experienced) time, and alternative (possible futures) time 37.
Challenges and Implications of Multi-Dimensional Time
Introducing more than one dimension of time raises significant challenges. Theoretical work has shown that multiple time dimensions can lead to causal paradoxes, closed timelike curves, and the possibility of time travel, which are generally considered problematic in physics 8. Some models attempt to address these issues mathematically, but experimental evidence for extra time dimensions remains lacking or highly speculative 8. Additionally, some argue that if extra time dimensions exist but are unobservable, they may be physically irrelevant 2.
Experimental and Operational Approaches
Efforts have been made to operationally define and measure the dimension of spacetime, with some studies suggesting that the effective dimension of spacetime could be slightly less than four, based on precise measurements in quantum electrodynamics. However, these results do not directly support the existence of multiple time dimensions, but rather suggest subtle deviations from the standard model 9.
Conclusion
The concept of time as a dimension in physics is central to our understanding of the universe. While the prevailing view treats time as a one-dimensional continuum, alternative models with two or three time dimensions have been proposed to address theoretical and experiential gaps in current physics. These multi-dimensional frameworks offer intriguing possibilities but also face significant conceptual and experimental challenges. The question of how many dimensions time truly has remains open, with ongoing research exploring both the mathematical consistency and physical implications of these ideas
Svenska
Tid som multidimensionella perspektiv motiverade av kvantfysikens utveckling?
Inom kvantfysiken diskuterar vi Materia-våg som en annan villkor för t.ex. en elektron. Men vad är egentligen en våg – en rörelse där tiden är ”Materia”? Men vågor kan ha olika egenskaper som kan variera över situationer, tid och rum samt hastigheter. Eftersom vi har svårt att förstå kvantfysiken med vår traditionella fysik (tidsrum) metod behöver vi hypotetiskt ett annat, mer utvecklat tillvägagångssätt för att börja förstå 1uantum-mekanik-fysik-kemi-biologi, medicin ….
Olika typer av spridning bör också beaktas (inte bara i regnbågar)
Nedan följer några citat att börja med
”Tid som dimension inom fysiken: Endimensionella och flerdimensionella perspektiv https://consensus.app/questions/time-as-a-dimension-in-physics/
Den traditionella synen: Tid som ett endimensionellt kontinuum
I standardfysik behandlas tid vanligtvis som en enda, endimensionell enhet, som bildar den fjärde dimensionen i den välkända 4D-rumtidsmodellen tillsammans med tre rumdimensioner. Denna metod har sin grund i den matematiska strukturen hos Minkowski-rumtiden, som ligger till grund för både speciell och allmän relativitetsteori. I detta ramverk är tid en parameter som ordnar händelser och möjliggör förutsägelse av fysiska fenomen, med sin endimensionella koppling till den sekventiella ordningen av händelser i universum 246. Tidens endimensionella natur stöds också av hur vi upplever den: som en kontinuerlig, framåtriktad axel, ofta kallad ”tidens pil” 4.
Utforska högre-dimensionell tid: Två och tre dimensioner
Trots dominansen av det endimensionella synsättet har flera nyligen genomförda och historiska förslag utforskat möjligheten att tiden kan ha mer än en dimension. Vissa forskare har föreslagit att införandet av ytterligare tidsdimensioner skulle kunna hjälpa till att lösa olösta frågor inom grundläggande fysik, såsom att förena kvantteorin och allmän relativitetsteori. Till exempel har ramverk med två eller till och med tre tidsdimensioner föreslagits, där varje tidsdimension motsvarar olika fysiska eller upplevelsemässiga aspekter – såsom kvantfenomen, klassiska interaktioner och kosmologisk evolution 1358.
Ett tredimensionellt tidsramverk antar till exempel att de tre tidsdimensionerna uppstår från symmetrikrav och är kopplade till de tre generationerna av fundamentala partiklar, vilket potentiellt förklarar deras masshierarki och andra egenskaper. Denna metod hävdar också att vissa problem inom partikelfysik och kvantgravitation löses, samtidigt som kausalitet och unitaritet 1 bevaras. På liknande sätt har tvådimensionella tidsmodeller utforskats som ett sätt att förena kvantmekaniken med allmän relativitetsteori, vilket antyder att tiden kan delas upp i ortogonala komponenter, var och en med distinkta fysiska roller 58.
Filosofiska och erfarenhetsbaserade överväganden
Debatten om tidens dimension är inte begränsad till matematisk fysik; Den berör också filosofiska och erfarenhetsbaserade frågor. Vissa menar att sättet vi upplever tid på – att skilja mellan dåtid, nutid och framtid, och uppfatta ett tidsflöde – antyder en rikare struktur än vad som fångas av nuvarande fysikaliska teorier. Förslag har lagts fram för att modellera tid med flera dimensioner för att bättre anpassa vetenskaplig förståelse till mänsklig erfarenhet, såsom ramverk som skiljer mellan objektiv (klock-) tid, subjektiv (upplevd) tid och alternativ (möjliga framtids-) tid 37.
Utmaningar och konsekvenser av multidimensionell tid
Att införa mer än en tidsdimension medför betydande utmaningar. Teoretiskt arbete har visat att flera tidsdimensioner kan leda till kausala paradoxer, slutna tidsliknande kurvor och möjligheten till tidsresor, vilka generellt anses problematiska inom fysik 8. Vissa modeller försöker hantera dessa problem matematiskt, men experimentella bevis för extra tidsdimensioner saknas eller är mycket spekulativa 8. Dessutom hävdar vissa att om extra tidsdimensioner existerar men är oobserverbara, kan de vara fysiskt irrelevanta 2.
Experimentella och operativa metoder
Ansträngningar har gjorts för att operativt definiera och mäta rumtidens dimension, med vissa studier som antyder att den effektiva dimensionen av rumtiden kan vara något mindre än fyra, baserat på precisa mätningar inom kvantelektrodynamik. Dessa resultat stöder dock inte direkt existensen av flera tidsdimensioner, utan antyder snarare subtila avvikelser från standardmodellen 9.
Slutsats
Begreppet tid som dimension inom fysiken är centralt för vår förståelse av universum. Medan den rådande uppfattningen behandlar tid som ett endimensionellt kontinuum, har alternativa modeller med två eller tre tidsdimensioner föreslagits för att adressera teoretiska och erfarenhetsmässiga luckor i dagens fysik. Dessa mångdimensionella ramverk erbjuder intressanta möjligheter men står också inför betydande konceptuella och experimentella utmaningar. Frågan om hur många dimensioner tiden egentligen har är fortfarande öppen, med pågående forskning som utforskar både den matematiska konsekvensen och de fysiska implikationerna av dessa idéer
https://consensus.app/questions/time-as-a-dimension-in-physics
Human perception
BvS; Our thinking is (mostly) based on what we (a) “see” (including understand based on all kind of perception and (b) creative abstractions as well as hypothetical approaches based mostly on math – or?
https://www.google.com/search?q=HUman+perseption&oq=HUman+perseption&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyBggAEEUYOdIBCjEyODgzajBqMTWoAgiwAgE&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
”Human perception is the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory information to understand and make sense of the world. It is an active and constructive process, not just a passive reception of stimuli, and is influenced by personal experiences, beliefs, expectations, and motivations. This process involves the five senses—sight, sound, smell, taste, and touch—as well as other senses like proprioception, or the body’s position and movement awareness.
The perceptual process
Your brain filters through massive amounts of sensory information, focusing on what is salient or relevant to you based on factors like stimulation, needs, interests, and expectations.
The selected information is then organized into patterns, often based on principles like proximity, similarity, and difference.
Finally, the brain assigns meaning to the organized information. This interpretation uses existing knowledge, past experiences, and cognitive patterns, or schemata, to create a coherent understanding.
Influencing factors
- Individual experience:
Your unique background, including personal experiences, beliefs, and values, shapes how you interpret the world, meaning two people can perceive the same situation very differently.
- Expectations and motivations:
What you expect to see, hear, or feel, as well as your current needs, can significantly alter your perception.
- Cognitive and neural processes:
Perception is deeply rooted in the brain’s processing of sensory signals. For example, the brain uses memory to recognize a friend’s face or a familiar scent.
- Biological and evolutionary factors:
The brain has evolved to perceive certain traits, such as those related to health and attractiveness, which are influenced by evolutionary and reproductive strategies.
What perception is not
- A simple reflection of reality:
Perception is not a perfect, objective reflection of the world. The brain actively constructs our reality by interpreting signals, which is why illusions occur.
- A passive process:
You are not a passive recipient of sensory data. Your brain is constantly working to make sense of the information it receives, making perception an active and dynamic process.
Assumed processes not perception associated
We do have e.g. philosophical ideas about what we do not understand but expect based on our present understanding where most of quantum mechanics is on to a “small piece” is empirical approached. But probably our so far “homo sapiens sense development” and formal school education may prevent us to include quantum processes and behaviors, e.g. at biological land medicinal levels, but which we today can not neglect.
How magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) works
- g Quantum principles are fundamental to how magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) works, and emerging quantum technologies are poised to dramatically enhance its capabilities. At a basic level, MRI relies on the quantum property of atomic nuclei called spin, which causes them to act like tiny magnets. More advanced applications involve using highly sensitive quantum sensors to detect magnetic signals at the atomic or molecular level, enabling imaging with unprecedented precision and resolution, even for individual molecules or cellular metabolism.
Quantum principles in standard MRI
- Quantum spin: MRI works because atomic nuclei, like the protons in hydrogen atoms, have a quantum property called spin, which makes them behave like microscopic magnets.
- Magnetic field alignment: In a strong external magnetic field, these nuclear magnets align themselves either with or against the field, a behavior described by quantum mechanics.
- Energy absorption and emission: Radio waves are used to ”flip” these nuclei to a higher energy state. When they return to their lower energy state, they emit a signal that is detected by the MRI machine. This process of absorbing and emitting energy at specific frequencies is a quantum phenomenon.
- Superconductivity: The strong magnetic fields required for MRI are made possible by superconducting magnets, which are a manifestation of purely quantum behavior in matter.
Magnetic fields
A magnetic field (sometimes called B-field[1]) is a physical field that describes the magnetic influence on moving electric charges, electric currents,[2]: ch1 [3] and magnetic materials. A moving charge in a magnetic field experiences a force perpendicular to its own velocity and to the magnetic field.[2]: ch13 [4]: 278 A permanent magnet’s magnetic field pulls on ferromagnetic materials such as iron, and attracts or repels other magnets. In addition, a nonuniform magnetic field exerts minuscule forces on ”nonmagnetic” materials by three other magnetic effects: paramagnetism, diamagnetism, and antiferromagnetism, although these forces are usually so small they can only be detected by laboratory equipment. Magnetic fields surround magnetized materials, electric currents, and electric fields varying in time. Since both strength and direction of a magnetic field may vary with location, it is described mathematically by a function assigning a vector to each point of space, called a vector field (more precisely, a pseudovector field).
In electromagnetics, the term magnetic field is used for two distinct but closely related vector fields denoted by the symbols B and H. In the International System of Units, the unit of B, magnetic flux density, is the tesla (in SI base units: kilogram per second squared per ampere),[5]: 21 which is equivalent to newton per meter per ampere. The unit of H, magnetic field strength, is ampere per meter (A/m).[5]: 22 B and H differ in how they take the medium and/or magnetization into account. In vacuum, the two fields are related through the vacuum permeability,
B/μ0=H{\ }; in a magnetized material, the quantities on each side of this equation differ by the magnetization field of the material.
Magnetic fields are produced by moving electric charges and the intrinsic magnetic moments of elementary particles associated with a fundamental quantum property, their spin.[6][2]: ch1 Magnetic fields and electric fields are interrelated and are both components of the electromagnetic force, one of the four fundamental forces of nature.
Magnetic fields are used throughout modern technology, particularly in electrical engineering and electromechanics. Rotating magnetic fields are used in both electric motors and generators. The interaction of magnetic fields in electric devices such as transformers is conceptualized and investigated as magnetic circuits. Magnetic forces give information about the charge carriers in a material through the Hall effect. The Earth produces its own magnetic field, which shields the Earth’s ozone layer from the solar wind and is important in navigation using a compass.
Description
The force on an electric charge depends on its location, speed, and direction; two vector fields are used to describe this force.[2]: ch1 The first is the electric field, which describes the force acting on a stationary charge and gives the component of the force that is independent of motion. The magnetic field, in contrast, describes the component of the force that is proportional to both the speed and direction of charged particles.[2]: ch13 The field is defined by the Lorentz force law and is, at each instant, perpendicular to both the motion of the charge and the force it experiences.
There are two different, but closely related vector fields which are both sometimes called the ”magnetic field” written B and H.[note 1] While both the best names for these fields and exact interpretation of what these fields represent has been the subject of long running debate, there is wide agreement about how the underlying physics work.[7] Historically, the term ”magnetic field” was reserved for H while using other terms for B, but many recent textbooks use the term ”magnetic field” to describe B as well as or in place of H.[note 2] There are many alternative names for both (see sidebars).
The B-field
The magnetic field vector B at any point can be defined as the vector that, when used in the Lorentz force law, correctly predicts the force on a charged particle at that point.
Lorentz force law (vector form, SI units)
Lorentz force law (vector form, SI units)
F = qE + q(v × B)
Picture 1 Picture 2 (See link)
A charged particle that is moving Since these three vectors are related to each other by a cross product, the direction of this a cross product, the direction of this force rule. d using the right hand rule using the using the right hand caan be found with velocity v in a magnetic field B
will feel a magnetic force F. Since
the magnetic force always pulls
sideways to the direction of motion,
the particle moves in a circle.
See more at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_field – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz_force
Magnetic field in quantum mechanics
https://www.google.com/search?q=magnetic+field+in+quantum+mechanics&sca_esv=25bbc673beabb651&ei=XeMiad2wHIDSwPAPyump-QQ&oq=Magnetic+fields+in+quantum+&gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiG01hZ25ldGljIGZpZWxkcyBpbiBxdWFudHVtICoCCAAyBhAAGBYYHjIGEAAYFhgeMgYQABgWGB4yBhAAGBYYHjIGEAAYFhgeMgYQABgWGB4yBhAAGBYYHjIGEAAYFhgeMgYQABgWGB4yBhAAGBYYHkiwelCVL1iuY3ABeAGQAQCYAV-gAakHqgECMTK4AQPIAQD4AQGYAg2gAusIwgIKEAAYsAMY1gQYR8ICDRAAGIAEGLADGEMYigXCAg4QABiwAxjkAhjWBNgBAcICExAuGIAEGLADGEMYyAMYigXYAQHCAgoQLhiABBhDGIoFwgIFEAAYgATCAgoQABiABBhDGIoFwgIFEC4YgATCAhkQLhiABBhDGIoFGJcFGNwEGN4EGN8E2AEBwgIHEAAYgAQYE8ICCBAAGBYYChgemAMAiAYBkAYSugYGCAEQARgJkgcDOS40oAfoZrIHAzguNLgH4AjCBwcyLTMuOS4xyAecAQ&sclient=gws-wiz-serp
In quantum mechanics, magnetic fields influence particles by altering their energy levels, leading to phenomena like the Zeeman effect which splits spectral lines. Magnetic fields are also intrinsically quantum mechanical, arising from the spin of electrons and influencing their behavior in unique ways, such as the Aharonov-Bohm effect, where charged particles are affected even in field-free regions, and a minimum velocity requirement in very strong fields. Magnetic resonance, used in technologies like MRI, occurs when an oscillating field drives a quantum system between energy states split by a static magnetic field.
Key effects of magnetic fields on quantum systems
- Zeeman Effect: A static magnetic field splits the energy levels of an atom, causing spectral lines to split into multiple components.
- Aharonov-Bohm Effect: This effect demonstrates that a charged particle can be influenced by an electromagnetic potential even when it is in a region where the magnetic field itself is zero. This highlights the non-local nature of quantum mechanics and the importance of potentials over fields in some cases.
- Quantum Resonance: A quantum magnetic resonance occurs when an oscillating electromagnetic field interacts with a magnetic dipole in a static magnetic field. The system can transition between its discrete energy states when the frequency of the oscillating field matches the energy difference between two states.
- Minimum Velocity: In extremely strong magnetic fields, quantum mechanics imposes a minimum velocity on orbiting electrons. This is because an electron’s wavelength is related to its velocity, and the gyroradius of its orbit cannot be smaller than its wavelength.
Foundational role in modern physics and technology
- Source of Magnetism: All magnetism, from simple fridge magnets to complex materials, is a fundamentally quantum mechanical phenomenon.
- Quantum Field Theory: Quantum mechanics and quantum field theory describe electromagnetic fields not as continuous fields, but as a collection of particles called photons.
- Technological Applications: These quantum effects are crucial for technologies such as lasers, which rely on stimulated emission, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which is based on magnetic resonance.
Magnetic resonance (quantum mechanics)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_(quantum_mechanics)
” In quantum mechanics, magnetic resonance is a resonant effect that can appear when a magnetic dipole is exposed to a static magnetic field and perturbed with another, oscillating electromagnetic field. Due to the static field, the dipole can assume a number of discrete energy eigenstates, depending on the value of its angular momentum (azimuthal) quantum number. The oscillating field can then make the dipole transit between its energy states with a certain probability and at a certain rate. The overall transition probability will depend on the field’s frequency and the rate will depend on its amplitude. When the frequency of that field leads to the maximum possible transition probability between two states, a magnetic resonance has been achieved. In that case, the energy of the photons composing the oscillating field matches the energy difference between said states. If the dipole is tickled with a field oscillating far from resonance, it is unlikely to transition. That is analogous to other resonant effects, such as with the forced harmonic oscillator. The periodic transition between the different states is called Rabi cycle and the rate at which that happens is called Rabi frequency. The Rabi frequency should not be confused with the field’s own frequency. Since many atomic nuclei species can behave as a magnetic dipole, this resonance technique is the basis of nuclear magnetic resonance, including nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Quantum mechanical explanation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_(quantum_mechanics)
See new(?) link
But briefly here
As a magnetic dipole, using a spin ½ system such as a proton ; according to the quantum mechanical state of the system, denoted by |Ψ(t)⟩, evolved by the action of a unitary operator e−iH^t/ℏ; the result obeys Schrödinger equation
States with definite energy evolve in time … s independent of time. Such states are termed stationary states, so if a system is prepared in a stationary state, (i.e. one of the eigenstates of the Hamiltonian operator), then P(t) = 1, i.g. it remains in that state indefinitely. This is the case only for isolated systems. When a system in a stationary state is perturbed, its state changes, so it is no longer an eigenstate of the system’s complete Hamiltonian. This same phenomenon happens in magnetic resonance for a spin system in a magnetic field.
See more at the link – complex equations
Briefly
What is magnetic field quantum physics?
A magnetic field (sometimes called B-field) is a physical field that describes the magnetic influence on moving electric charges, electric currents, and magnetic materials. A moving charge in a magnetic field experiences a force perpendicular to its own velocity and to the magnetic field.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_field
Time dimension in electromagnetic field in quantum mechanics
In standard quantum mechanics, time is treated as a single, external parameter, not a dimension in the same way as space. However, some non-standard theories propose a multi-dimensional time, suggesting time might have three dimensions to help unify gravity with quantum mechanics and the electromagnetic field. In these theories, the electromagnetic field is often described as two additional dimensions that electromagnetic waves can travel through.
Standard quantum mechanics
- Time as a parameter: Time is treated as a classical parameter, much like in Newtonian physics, measured by an external clock.
- Time-dependent fields: The electromagnetic field itself is still time-dependent, meaning the electric and magnetic vectors change over time and space according to Maxwell’s equations.
- Quantum electrodynamics (QED): In QED, interactions (like an electron emitting or absorbing a photon) happen at specific locations and times.
Non-standard theories with multi-dimensional time
- Three-dimensional time: Some theoretical frameworks suggest time may have three dimensions (𝑡0,𝑡1,𝑡2), with one being the ”clock time” we experience and the other two being imaginary dimensions.
- Unification of forces: These theories propose that an extra dimension of time, combined with extra spatial dimensions, could help unify the electromagnetic, gravitational, and strong nuclear forces.
- Harmonic oscillators: The quantized electromagnetic field is sometimes described mathematically as a collection of two-dimensional quantum harmonic oscillators, which is equivalent to the idea that electromagnetic waves can travel through two extra dimensions.
- Time as an emergent phenomenon: Some emerging theories suggest time itself might be an emergent phenomenon, resulting from a deeper, common reality.
Key differences and considerations
- Acceptance: The standard, one-dimensional model of time is the universally accepted model. Multi-dimensional time is still a highly speculative and theoretical concept, with many open questions and the need for peer review.
- Mathematical equivalence: Some mathematical formalisms of the standard model use concepts like harmonic oscillators that are equivalent to having additional dimensions, but this is a formal tool, not a claim that time is literally multi-dimensional.
More is coming